Abstract
In this research work, MFe2O4/CNS was prepared using the hydrothermal–microwave method. The influence of cations (M) toward functional groups of composites and their performance in pesticide degradation were studied. Rice husk was pyrolyzed hydrothermally (200 °C, 6 h) and by microwave (800 W, 40 min). Each product was mixed with MCl2 (Zn, Ni, Mn), FeCl3, KOH, and water, and calcined (600 °C, 15 min) to obtain a composite. Characterization by XRD confirmed the MFe2O4/CNS structure. The FTIR spectra of the composites showed different band sharpness related to C-O and M-O. A mixture of dried paddy farm soil, composite, BPMC (buthylphenylmethyl carbamate) pesticide solution (0.25%), and H2O2 solution (0.15%) was kept under dark conditions for 48 h. The solution above the soil was filtered and measured with a UV-Vis spectrophotometer at 217 nm. Applications without the composite and composite–H2O2 were also conducted. The results reveal that dark BPMC degradation with the composite was 7.5 times larger than that without the composite, and 2.9 times larger than that without the composite–H2O2. There were no significantly different FTIR spectra of the soil, soil–BPMC, soil–BPMC-H2O2, and soil–BPMC-H2O2 composite and no significantly different X-ray diffractograms between the soil after drying and soil after application for pesticide degradation using the composite.
Highlights
Pesticides are chemicals used to fight pests and disease vectors in agricultural or domestic settings
There was no more conditioning of carbon to reduce particle size before preparation of the composites; the nanosizes were conditioned by hydrothermal and microwave heating
Colour conversion from brown to black is a consequence of the pyrolysis reaction, which alternated the chemical structures of lignocellulose to that of carbon material
Summary
Pesticides are chemicals used to fight pests and disease vectors in agricultural or domestic settings. They are toxic substances, but their use in agriculture helps improve crop yield. Pesticides can become biocides, i.e., harming all other life, such as pets, frogs, fish, and plant resistance [1]. Pesticides can accumulate in both raw and cooked agricultural products [2]. The negative effect of pesticides on humans include cancer, defects, brain damage, genetic mutation, and decrease in immunity. Organochlorine and organophosphate pesticides have high toxicity and long persistence in the soil. While carbamate and pyrethroid are degraded, long-term usage can result in accumulation [1]
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