Abstract
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) coated maghemite nanoparticles were synthesized using precursor variation through sonication-calcination method. The precursor was manufactured from lathe waste digested using (a) HCl: HNO3, (b) H2SO4: HNO3, and (c) H2SO4: HCl solvents. Samples were characterized using XRD, FTIR, color reader, and SEM-EDX. The X-ray diffraction pattern shows that Rietveld Refinement confirmed only one single-phase assigned to magnetite (Fe3O4) after sonication, one single-phase assigned to maghemite (γ-Fe2O3) after calcination, and widened peaks indicating nano-sized particles. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy measurements confirmed the bonding of PEG to the magnetite and maghemite nanoparticles. Color reader measurement denoted the highest brightness level was achieved using precursor A. SEM-EDX data shows that the distribution of γ-Fe2O3 particles was not uniform. There were impurities detected, one of which was silica.
Highlights
Iron oxide pigments are commonly found in various forms of iron oxide minerals, such as magnetite (Fe3O4) for black pigments, maghemite (γ-Fe2O3) for brown, and hematite (α-Fe2O3) for red [1]
Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy measurements confirmed the bonding of polyethylene glycol (PEG) to the magnetite and maghemite nanoparticles
Refinement result shows that the unit cell parameters of maghemite B possessed a lower value of Rp, Rwp compared to the others, indicating a high similarity degree of maghemite B to the standard
Summary
Iron oxide pigments are commonly found in various forms of iron oxide minerals, such as magnetite (Fe3O4) for black pigments, maghemite (γ-Fe2O3) for brown, and hematite (α-Fe2O3) for red [1]. Maghemite (γ-Fe2O3) is the second most stable polymorph of iron oxides [2], it is nontoxic [3], biocompatible, and highly paramagnetic [4]. Due to these properties, maghemite have been widely used as pigments. Precursors greatly affect the change in structure, size, and shape of the maghemite nanoparticles [13]. Precursors were manufactured of lathe wastes digested using several solvent mixtures to produce black magnetite using sonication method. The products were characterized using XRay Diffraction (XRD), FT-IR, color reader, and Scanning Electron Microscopy-Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS)
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