Synthesis of low-density polyethylene derived carbon nanotubes for activation of persulfate and degradation of water organic micropollutants in continuous mode

Abstract

Plastic derived carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were tested as catalysts in persulfate activation for the first time. Four catalysts were prepared by wetness impregnation and co-precipitation (using Al2O3, Ni, Fe and/or Al) and implemented to grow CNTs by chemical vapour deposition (CVD) using low-density polyethylene (LDPE) as carbon feedstock. A catalyst screening was performed in batch mode and the best performing CNTs (CNT@Ni+Fe/Al2O3-cp) led to a high venlafaxine mass removal rate (3.17 mg g−1 h−1) in ultrapure water after 90 min (even with a mixture of micropollutants). Its degradation increased when the matrix was replaced by drinking water and negligibly affected in surface water. A composite polymeric membrane was then fabricated with CNT@Ni+Fe/Al2O3-cp and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), a high venlafaxine mass removal rate in surface water being also observed in 24 h of continuous operation. Therefore, the results herein reported open a window of opportunity for the valorisation of plastic wastes in this catalytic application performed in continuous mode.