Abstract
Nickel-rich cathode material, NCA (85:14:1), is successfully synthesized using two different, simple and economical batch methods, i.e., hydroxide co-precipitation (NCA-CP) and the hydroxides solid state reaction method (NCA-SS), followed by heat treatments. Based on the FTIR spectra, all precursor samples exhibit two functional groups of hydroxide and carbonate. The XRD patterns of NCA-CP and NCA-SS show a hexagonal layered structure (space group: R_3m), with no impurities detected. Based on the SEM images, the micro-sized particles exhibit a sphere-like shape with aggregates. The electrochemical performances of the samples were tested in a 18650-type full-cell battery using artificial graphite as the counter anode at the voltage range of 2.7–4.25 V. All samples have similar characteristics and electrochemical performances that are comparable to the commercial NCA battery, despite going through different synthesis routes. In conclusion, the overall results are considered good and have the potential to be adapted for commercialization.
Highlights
Current technology for energy storage has shifted from conventional lead acid batteries to lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) due to the rapid increase of electronic devices which require high energy and power density power sources [1,2]
nickel-rich cathode material (NCA) powders obtained by the solid-state method (NCA-SS) were obtained by mixing solid materials of LiOH, Ni(OH)2, Co(OH)2, and Al(OH)3 .H2 O using a ball mill for 3 h in ethanol medium (1:1 w/w)
The peak splits of 006/102 and 018/110 and 018/110 could be clearly observed in both samples, it could be concluded that the NCA-PC
Summary
Current technology for energy storage has shifted from conventional lead acid batteries to lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) due to the rapid increase of electronic devices which require high energy and power density power sources [1,2]. The co-precipitation process of an NCA precursor (hydroxide and carbonate), followed by solid state lithiation, has become the preferred method for producing NCA commercially [15,16,17]. This method is used in the functionalization, doping, and surface modification (coating) of NCA powders [18,19,20,21]. We performed batch syntheses of nickel-rich NCA (LiNi0.85 Co0.14 Al0.01 O2 ) using the solid state method and co-precipitation methods, as efforts to reduce the complexity of the continuous process stated before. This situation provides strong evidence that such methods are suitable for mass production and commercialization
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