Synthesis of iron-manganese bimetallic materials supported by activated carbon and application of activated persulfate in the degradation of soil contaminated by crude oil

Abstract

Heterogeneous catalytic processes based on zero-valent iron (ZVI) have been developed to treat soil and wastewater pollutants. However, the agglomeration of ZVI reduces its ability to activate persulfate (PS). In this study, a new Fe–Mn@AC activated material was prepared to activated PS to treat oil-contaminated soil, and using the microscopic characterization of Fe–Mn@AC materials, the electron transfer mode during the Fe–Mn@AC activation of PS was clarified. Firstly, the petroluem degradation rate was optimized. When the PS addition amount was 8%, Fe–Mn@AC addition amount was 3% and the water to soil ratio was 3:1, the petroluem degradation rate in the soil reached to the maximum of 85.69% after 96 h of reaction. Then it was illustrated that sulfate and hydroxyl radicals played major roles in crude oil degradation, while singlet oxygen contributed slightly. Finally, the indigenous microbial community structures remaining after restoring the Fe–Mn@AC/PS systems were analyzed. The proportion of petroleum degrading bacteria in soil increased by 23% after oxidation by Fe–Mn@AC/PS system. Similarly, the germination rate of wheat seeds revealed that soil toxicity was greatly reduced after applying the Fe–Mn@AC/PS system. After the treatment with Fe–Mn@AC/PS system, the germination rate, root length and bud length of wheat seed were increased by 54.05%, 7.98 mm and 6.84 mm, respectively, compared with the polluted soil group. These results showed that the advanced oxidation system of Fe–Mn@AC activates PS and can be used in crude oil-contaminated soil remediation.