Abstract
This study uses Iraqi raw materials (Western Desert) which include: Urdhuma silica sand, Duekhla kaolinitic claystone, flint clay, porcelanite, and karst bauxite, alongside other materials (pure silica created as by-product of Qaim phosphate manufacturing processes.), amorphous silica (silica from rice husk ash), Mg (OH)2, and MgCO3. The raw materials have been crushed and milled into sizes smaller than 45µ except the silica sand and kaolin that have been miled into different sizes 20 and 45 µ. Twenty-seven mixtures of different proportions were prepared from the above-mentioned materials. Ninety-two disk samples were formed by semi-dry pressing using the pressing force of 1000 kg/cm2. Those test samples were dried and fired at the temperatures of 1100, 1200, and 1300 ̊°C with temperature rises 50 °C/h and the soaking time of 2 h. X-ray diffraction of those samples shows a difference in the mineral structure according to the firing temperature and the chemical composition of the mixtures. The samples containing the mixtures of 70% Kaolin, 5% pure silica (Qaim), and 25% Magnesite that were fried at the temperature of 1300 ̊°C entirely consist of Cordierite.
Highlights
Several factors control reserve calculations; these are the area of certain material, thickness of the industrial bed, sampling method, concentration the certain material and its chemical characterization, bulk density, volume and weight of overburden (Awad and Awadh, 2020)
The mixture samples that mainly consist of kaolinite or flint clay which have been fired at 1100 °Care composited of mostly from mullite and quartz that are the result of the transformation of the kaolinite which applies to what is mentioned in Temuujin (1998) and Nakahara (1999), that mullite is formed from the breaking of kaolinite and it appears in the samples fired at 1100 °C while the Forsterite synthetic metal (Mg2SiO4) that crystallizes from the reaction of free silica with the magnesia that results from the breaking of magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)2)
With the increase of firing temperature of the samples to 1200 °C, we notice the change of the metallic structure to consist of cordierite that indicates the start of the reaction between the constituents of the mixture with each other, where magnesia reacted with alumina and silica that resulted from the breaking of kaolinite and boehmite to form α-cordierite which applies to what is mentioned Atnasovak (1999) and Nakahara (1999) which states that cordierite starts to form at temperatures of 1200 °C and the percentage of cordierite changes depending on the chemical composition of it, where it increases when the chemical composition of the sample is close to the composition of cordierite
Summary
Several factors control reserve calculations; these are the area of certain material, thickness of the industrial bed, sampling method, concentration the certain material and its chemical characterization, bulk density, volume and weight of overburden (Awad and Awadh, 2020). The cordierite mineral has a wide range of industrial applications because of its many properties like its high thermal shock resistance, low thermal expansion coefficient as well as having a high thermal and chemical stability. Those characteristics made it be used in multiple applications like heat and electrical insulators, multilayered coating for metals, manufacturing capacitors and manufacturing the ceramic part of the spark candles (Albhilil et al, 2015). Al2O3), consists of aluminum and silicates magnesium 34.8%=Al2O3, 51.4%=SiO2, and 13.8%=MgO, it has the specific weight of 2.3 and the hardness of 7-
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