Synthesis of highly porous polymer microspheres with interconnected open pores for catalytic microreactors

Abstract

• A synthetic method for producing highly porous PS microspheres was developed. • The porous PS microspheres had interconnective open pores. • PS seed particles were dispersed in different types of oil-in-water emulsions. • Catalytic microreactors were fabricated by using the porous PS microspheres. • The microreactors exhibited extremely high catalytic activity. Porous polymer microspheres with interconnective open pores have attracted significant interest, owing to their unique properties as compared to those of traditional microspheres. However, developing a facile synthetic method to produce these unique particles remains a challenge. Herein, a method is proposed to produce highly porous polystyrene (PS) microspheres with interconnective open pores and a uniform size distribution, which were prepared by simply dispersing PS seed particles in an oil-in-water emulsion system. The morphological evolutions of the PS microspheres exposed to different types of oil-in-water emulsions were systematically investigated, and the relationship between the colloidal stability of the emulsions and the final structure of the PS microspheres was studied. Based on these results, the best oil-in-water system for synthesizing highly porous PS microspheres with interconnected open pores was found. The proposed synthetic method was demonstrated to offer significant advantages over previously developed techniques; it was simple, fast, and easy to process, and did not require special additives such as surfactants, complex techniques, etching processes to generate pores, and sophisticated equipment. Catalytic microreactors were fabricated by synthesizing mono- and bimetallic nanocrystals on the surface of the porous microspheres via in situ chemical reduction. When the microreactors were used as a heterogenous catalyst for the 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) reduction reaction by sodium borohydride (NaBH 4 ), they exhibited extremely high catalytic activity and excellent recyclability. These results demonstrated that the highly porous microspheres have very high porosity, huge surface area per unit volume, and good chemical stability, indicating their great potentials as a supporting material for practical applications in catalysis.