Synthesis of Graphene Oxide Based Sponges and Their Study as Sorbents for Sample Preparation of Cow Milk Prior to HPLC Determination of Sulfonamides.

Martha Maggira,Victoria F. Samanidou,Eleni A. Deliyanni

doi:10.3390/molecules24112086

Martha Maggira, Victoria F. Samanidou + Show 1 more

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https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24112086

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Abstract

In the present study, a novel, simple, and fast sample preparation technique is described for the determination of four sulfonamides (SAs), namely Sulfathiazole (STZ), sulfamethizole (SMT), sulfadiazine (SDZ), and sulfanilamide (SN) in cow milk prior to HPLC. This method takes advantage of a novel material that combines the extractive properties of graphene oxide (GO) and the known properties of common polyurethane sponge (PU) and that makes sample preparation easy, fast, cheap and efficient. The PU-GO sponge was prepared by an easy and fast procedure and was characterized with FTIR spectroscopy. After the preparation of the sorbent material, a specific extraction protocol was optimized and combined with HPLC-UV determination could be applied for the sensitive analysis of trace SAs in milk. The proposed method showed good linearity while the coefficients of determination (R2) were found to be high (0.991–0.998). Accuracy observed was within the range 90.2–112.1% and precision was less than 12.5%. Limit of quantification for all analytes in milk was 50 μg kg−1. Furthermore, the PU-GO sponge as sorbent material offered a very clean extract, since no matrix effect was observed.

Highlights

Sulfonamides are a group of synthetic antibacterial agents, which are widely used in veterinary practice for prophylactic and therapeutic purposes and as feed additives
Graphene oxideoxide was was embodied in the skeleton after the dispersion of Graphene oxide was connected embodied in the PU skeleton after the dispersion of graphite oxide (GO) in water
A PU-GO sponge was prepared, taking advantage of the unique properties of GO combined with the characteristics of the common PU sponge

Summary

Introduction

Sulfonamides are a group of synthetic antibacterial agents, which are widely used in veterinary practice for prophylactic and therapeutic purposes and as feed additives Due to their ability to inhibit folic acid synthesis in microorganisms, they are commonly used against a wide range of bacteria, protozoa, parasites, and fungi [1,2,3]. The improper administration of sulfa drugs in dairy husbandry and the insufficient withdrawal periods can lead to noncompliant residues in animal originated foods, a fact which can contribute to several concerns in the dairy industry and public health [4] In humans, such concerns comprise the rise of allergic or toxic reactions and the development of drug-resistance, whereas in the dairy industry they provoke the inhibition of bacterial fermentation in cheese and yoghurt production [5]. The European Union has established a maximum residue level (MRL) for sulfonamides in foodstuffs of animal origin, which in the case of milk is 100 μg kg−1 [6]

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