Abstract
Industrial wastewater effluent containing dyes and hazardous waste, such as olive waste, pose serious threat to health and environment. This work investigated the removal of azo and non-azo dyes from a single and binary aqueous system using hydrochar produced from hazardous olive waste using hydrothermal carbonization (HTC). Optimisation suggested hydrochar obtained at 250°C (HC-9) exhibited best physiochemical, structural properties and around 300% increase in carboxylic and carbonyl groups indicated by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. HC-9 removed ∼100% of Methylene blue and Congo red in single (120 and 180 min) and binary system (60 min), respectively. Ex situ X-ray photon electron spectroscopy and surface area analysis after adsorption suggested chemisorption supported by pseudo-second order reaction, Langmuir, and Redlich-Peterson model. HC-9 exhibited around 80% reusability in three adsorption cycles. Thus, better working efficiency of our hydrochar in the complex wastewater make it a potential candidate to be employed in commercial plants.
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