Synthesis of biodiesel from waste cooking oil using heterogeneous catalyst of Na<sub>2</sub>O/γ-Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> assisted by ultrasonic wave

Abstract

<abstract> <p>The synthesis of biodiesel <italic>via</italic> transesterification needs to be improved by the heterogeneous catalysts. So, the study aimed to determine the best conditions for the synthesis of biodiesel produced through a transesterification reaction using waste cooking oil with a Na<sub>2</sub>O/γ-Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> catalyst assisted by ultrasonic wave. The steps were: catalyst preparation, oil preparation, esterification, trans-esterification reactions using methanol and various Na<sub>2</sub>O/γ-Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> catalysts, and characterization. The results showed that the refined waste cooking oil using FTIR was known that there was still a carbonyl group indicating the presence of triglycerides. Free Fatty Acid content of waste cooking oil after esterification was 0.40%, so that the transesterification reaction could be carried out. The XRD results of the catalyst showed a conformity with the reference and it was determined by the Scherrer formula that the crystal size of the catalyst was 30.59 nm. The best condition for biodiesel synthesis was obtained at a catalyst ratio of 1:1 as much as concentration 3% w/w for 15 minutes of ultrasonication, 65 ℃, and molar ratio of methanol: oil (12:1), for the yield of 83.51%. After identification through GC-MS, it was known that the main components in the transesterified biodiesel from waste cooking oil were methyl elaidate (38.54%), methyl palmitate (30.90%) and methyl linoleate (16.61%).</p> </abstract>