Synthesis of a Stable and High-Concentration BaHfxTi1−xO3 Sol–Gel for High Electromechanical Performance of Bulk Ceramics

Abstract

Lead-based materials are widely used in piezoceramics due to their high electromechanical properties. However, due to environmental protection and sustainable development, the use of the toxic element lead (Pb) in electronic devices is strictly restricted, therefore requiring the rapid development of piezoelectric-based devices with lead-free ceramics. In this context, a lead-free doped barium titanate was studied with a dual objective. First, a new sol–gel method to synthesize Hf4+-doped BaHfxTi1−xO (BHT) with x = 0.05, 0.075, and 0.10 is presented. Such BHT sols were prepared at high concentrations of up to 1 M. Dilution in ethylene glycol allowed parameters (viscosity, colloid sizes, etc.) to be controlled, which ensured a time-stable sol for several months at room temperature. Second, densified bulk ceramics with attrited powders were obtained from these sols and showed very good electromechanical properties, with a thickness coupling factor of kt = 47% (BaHf0.05Ti0.95O3 sintered at 1500 °C/6 h). These results are a first step that will allow the processing of lead-free piezoelectric thick films using a sol–gel composite method for vibrational energy harvesting applications.