Abstract
Abstract According to the concept of fire life cycle assessment (LCA), a new type of intumescent flame retardant was designed and synthesized by chemically bonding chitosan, phosphorus pentoxide and melamine. The resultant compound, chitosan ethoxyl melamine phosphate (CEMP), was characterized by FTIR, 1H NMR, 31P NMR, XRD and SEM. The performance of CEMP and organic montmorillonite (OMMT) was evaluated in the substrate of epoxy resin (EP) with limited oxygen index (LOI), UL-94, cone calorimetric test (CCT), TGA and TG-IR. As a result, intumescent flame retardant EP (EP3) containing 30.6% LOI and V-0 rating was prepared by adding 3 wt% OMMT and 15 wt% CEMP. The CCT results indicated that CEMP and OMMT reduced the peak of heat release rate (PHRR) to about one fourth that of pure EP and total heat release (THR), 1/2. Decomposition of EP and EP3 was traced from 100 to 600°C by TG-IR.
Highlights
It is undoubtable that we have been living in the times of synthetic materials since the first synthetic fiber, Nylon, was born in Dupont lab in 1940s
Thermogravimetry-infrared spectrometry (TG-IR) of flame retarded samples was measured on TG 209 F3 thermogravimeter (Netzsch Instrument Corp., Germany) which was interfaced to the Nicolet WAS10 FTIR spectrophotometer (Nicolet 6700, USA) to track and detect small molecules released during thermal degradation and the test temperature range was 25–600°C with a heating rate 20°C/min in an inert atmosphere
In view of the previous studies on the attribution of the infrared spectrum of chitosan, which was a product of the de-N-acetylation of chitin and its degree of de-Nacetylation and crystallization was different, the infrared spectrum was slightly different [46,47]
Summary
It is undoubtable that we have been living in the times of synthetic materials since the first synthetic fiber, Nylon, was born in Dupont lab in 1940s. These flame retardants migrated from goods are induced by the exposure via skin contact, risks by inhalation of substances emitted into the atmosphere during the life of product, by emission of toxic gases during incineration and by emanation of gaseous effluents during combustion in the event of accidental fire These risks have become the main issues in the development of new FRs in order to achieve the required high level of protection for health and safety. Ethyl phosphoric ester (EPA) is introduced to hydrophobilize the polymer, so as to increase the compatibility with polyolefins Such a chemical structure is anticipated to be highly efficient due to the integrity of functional groups, no migration in the life of products, no toxicity and eco-friendly nature. These reagents were of analytical grade and directly used without further purification
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