Abstract
Various materials are used in bone tissue engineering (BTE). Graphene oxide (GO) is a good candidate for BTE due to its antibacterial activity and biocompatibility. In this study, an innovative biomaterial consists of GO, agarose and hydroxyapatite (HA) was synthesized using electrophoresis system. The characterization of the synthesized biomaterial showed that needle-like crystals with high purity were formed after 10 mA/10 h of electrophoresis treatment. Furthermore, the calcium-phosphate ratio was similar to thermodynamically stable HA. In the synthesized biomaterial with addition of 1.0 wt% of GO, the colony forming units test showed significantly less Staphylococcus aureus. Initial attachment of MC3T3-E1 cells on the synthesized biomaterial was observed which showed the safety of the synthesized biomaterial for cell viability. This study showed that the synthesized biomaterial is a promising material that can be used in BTE.
Highlights
The increasing interests in research on regenerative medicine and tissue engineering have prompted the development of their use in clinical practice[1]
Scanning electron microscopy was used to examine the surface of the synthesized biomaterials
We found that crystals with different morphology were formed when different strength of electric current was applied
Summary
The increasing interests in research on regenerative medicine and tissue engineering have prompted the development of their use in clinical practice[1]. These materials are associated with considerable drawbacks[7] Natural materials such as collagen, chitosan, and alginate have weak mechanical properties, fast degradation time and lack of bioactivity required for hard tissue formation[8]. Synthetic materials such as polycaprolactone, polylactic acid, polyglycolic acid, and poly lactic co-glycolic acid release acidic products during degradation and may cause necrosis of tissue[9]. Bioceramics such as calcium phosphate bioceramic, hydroxyapatite (HA), β-tricalcium phosphate, and bioactive glass are difficult to shape due to extreme brittleness, stiffness, low flexibility and molding property, and weak mechanical[10]. Many studies have proved its antibacterial activity against E. coli[29], P. aeruginosa[30], Streptococcus mutans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Fusobacterium nucleatum[31], P. syringae, X. campestris pv., F. graminearum, F. oxysporum[32], Bacillus subtilis, Enterococcus faecalis, and Salmonella typhimurium[33]
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