Abstract
Single crystals of the organic-inorganic layered perovskites (C4H9NH3)2MI4 (M = Ge, Sn, Pb) have been grown from aqueous hydriodic acid solutions. X-ray diffraction, thermal analysis, and photoluminescence spectroscopy were used to compare crystal structure, metal atom lone-pair stereoactivity, and physical properties as a function of group IVB element. The orthorhombic (C4H9NH3)2GeI4 structure, refined in the space group Pcmn, consists of single-layer-thick perovskite sheets of distorted corner-sharing GeI6 octahedra separated by n-butylammonium cation bilayers. (C4H9NH3)2SnI4 and (C4H9NH3)2PbI4 are structurally very similar but adopt the space group Pbca, with a more ideal octahedral iodine coordination around the divalent group IVB atoms. Within the more general tin(II)-based family, (C4H9NH3)2(CH3NH3)n-1SnnI3n+1, a structural comparison between the title semiconducting n = 1 compound and the previously reported semimetallic n = 3 and metallic n → ∞ members demonstrates a correlation between perovskite...
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