Abstract
Polyacrylic acid (PAA)-coated lanthanide oxide (Ln2O3) nanoparticles (NPs) (Ln = Tb and Ho) with high colloidal stability and good biocompatibility were synthesized, characterized, and investigated as a new class of negative (T2) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents at high MR fields. Their r2 values were appreciable at a 3.0 T MR field and higher at a 9.4 T MR field, whereas their r1 values were negligible at all MR fields, indicating their exclusive induction of T2 relaxations with negligible induction of T1 relaxations. Their effectiveness as T2 MRI contrast agents at high MR fields was confirmed from strong negative contrast enhancements in in vivo T2 MR images at a 9.4 T MR field after intravenous administration into mice tails.
Highlights
Biomedical imaging is a rapidly growing field in nanomedicine [1,2,3]
Tb(NO3 )3 × 5H2 O (99.9%), Ho(NO3 )3 × 5H2 O (99.9%), NaOH (>98%), triethylene glycol (TEG) (99%), Polyacrylic acid (PAA) (Mw = ~1800 Da), sodium acetate buffer solution (3.0 M, pH = 7.0), fetal bovine serum (FBS), and Roswell Park Memorial Institute (RPMI) 1640 medium were purchased from Sigma Aldrich, St
The colloidal stability was checked in a 10% FBS in RPMI 1640 medium and a sodium acetate buffer solution
Summary
Biomedical imaging is a rapidly growing field in nanomedicine [1,2,3]. Among various imaging techniques, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which detects proton spin relaxation signals is highly sensitive and its image spatial resolution is very high because of ample protons in living objects [1,2]. NPs can play an important role in biomedical imaging because of their exceptionally large paramagnetic moments at room temperature, making them suitable for use as MRI contrast agents even at ultrasmall particle sizes [8,9,10]. Such Ln2 O3 NPs include those with Ln as gadolinium (Gd) (8 S7/2 ), terbium (Tb) (7 F6 ), dysprosium (Dy) (6 H15/2 ), holmium (Ho) (5 I8 ), and erbium (Er) (4 I15/2 ), which all possess high atomic magnetic moments [11]
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