Abstract
Polypropylene (PP) is flammable material, which brings latent danger to the environment and human society. Therefore, developing new environmentally friendly and effective flame-retardant is one of the most important ways to improve the flame retardancy of PP and improve safety during its lifetime. Herein, we describe the synthesis of five sym-2,4,6-trisubstituted-s-triazine derivatives, namely, N2,N4,N6-triphenyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine (TAT), N2,N4,N6-tris(4-bromophenyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine (TBAT), N2,N4,N6-tris(4-chlorophenyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine (TCAT), 4,4′,4″-((1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triyl) tris(azanediyl)) triphenol (THAT), and N2,N4,N6-tris(4-methoxyphenyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine (TMAT), from the reaction of cyanuric chloride and p-substituted aniline employing conventional heating or microwave irradiation. The prepared compounds characterized by different techniques, such as Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), Ultra-Violet and Visible (UV-Vis), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy (1H-NMR and 13C-NMR), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The effect of substituent on the aniline moiety has great impact on its thermal stability, as observed from the TGA and DSC data. Based on the TGA and DSC results, three triazine derivatives TAT, TBAT, and TMAT were used as charring agents in the presence of different proportions of ammonium polyphosphate (APP) to form an intumescent flame-retardant (IFR) system, to improve the flame retardancy of PP. The flammability property of PP was investigated by a vertical burning test (UL94). The results of UL94 revealed that the TXAT/APP (IFR) system influence the PP and could improve the flame retardancy of PP. Best results were obtained with the mass ratio of APP and TXAT 2:1. When the IFR loading was 25 wt%, it displayed great influence and passed V-0 with TMAT, and V-1 with both TAT and TBAT in the UL94 test.
Highlights
As one of the most widely used polymers, polypropylene (PP) plays a significant role in our daily lives, and is extensively used in numerous applications, such as in the electrical and insulation field, building materials, transportation aspects, etc. [1,2,3,4,5]
The results showed that the type of substituent has a clear effect on limiting oxygen index (LOI) values, where the chloro derivative TCAT showed the least LOI at 800 ◦ C (19.9) compared to its analogs of the bromo derivative TBAT (26.3)
The char residue (CR) and limiting oxygen index (LOI) values were calculated from the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) data
Summary
As one of the most widely used polymers, polypropylene (PP) plays a significant role in our daily lives, and is extensively used in numerous applications, such as in the electrical and insulation field, building materials, transportation aspects, etc. [1,2,3,4,5]. PP is considered a flammable material, releasing smoke and toxic or corrosive gases, which brings latent danger to the environment and human society, and strongly limits its uses. Developing a new environmentally friendly and effective flame-retardant (FR) agent is one of the most important methods to improving the flame. Due to the flammability of PP, many researchers conducted intensive studies and came up with great efforts to improve the flame retardancy of PP. They suggested that adding flame-retardant agents into PP is one of the most effect methods to adapt its flammability and improve the safety during its uses [6,7,8]
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