Synthesis, characterization, DFT studies and DNA binding of mixed platinum (II) complexes containing quinoxaline and 1,2-dithiolate ligands

Abstract

The complexes Pt(pq)Cl 2 (1) and Pt(pq)(bdt) (2) (where pq = 2-(2′pyridyl)quinoxaline and bdt = benzene-1,2-dithiolate) have been synthesized and fully characterized by UV–visible (UV–Vis), Fourier Transformer Infrared Spectra (FTIR), 1 and 2D NMR and cyclic voltammetry (CV). Interactions of the tested systems (the aforementioned complexes 1 and 2) and the free ligands pq and bdt with double stranded calf thymus DNA (CT-DNA) were studied by UV-spectrophotometric (melting curves) and circular dichroism (CD) measurements. The results suggest that both complexes 1 and 2, are able to form adducts with DNA and to distort the double helix by changing the base stacking. Complex 2 forms stronger adducts to CT-DNA than complex 1 and this is probably due to the substitution of the chlorine atoms of 1 by the 1,2-dithiolate ligand (bdt) in 2. The latter induces an extensive distortion in the planarity of 2 as density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal. Besides, the light absorbing complex 2 possess intense mixed metal ligand to ligand charge transfer (MM′LLCT) transition in the visible region of the spectrum and could act as photoluminescent metal-based probe for the study of DNA binding. Thus, the photocleavage of DNA by 2 has been studied by UV–Vis and CD spectra and monitored by agarose gel electrophoresis. Under our experimental conditions, it is unclear that complex 2 can photocleave DNA. Furthermore, the ability of 2 to inhibit proliferation of human tumor cell lines was tested and the results indicate some cytoxytic effect on the SF-286 cells.