Synthesis, characterization, and XPS study of woolen-like zeolite X-palladium nanoparticles: its application as a suitable catalyst for carbon-carbon coupling reaction

Abstract

Here, a green methodology for synthesis of powerful catalyst of zeolite X-palladium nanoparticles (Z-X-Pd NPs) is reported. The physicochemical properties of the samples were carried out by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Brunauer Emmett Teller and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy mapping images techniques with a clear interpretation of each analysis. From the XRD’s calculation, it can demonstrate the improvement of the crystallinity index (92.99%) and D (22.55%) values of Z-X-Pd NPs sample, compared with zeolite X (Z-X) sample. Z-X-Pd NPs not only did not have impure phases, but also a characteristic grooved-like of structures were disclosed with a good distribution of Pd NPs on the Z-X surface, confirmed by other analysis outputs. Afterward, the Suzuki-Miyaura (S-M) reaction was precisely studied by applying the desired conditions. Under the optimized conditions acid derivatives were efficiently reacted with aryl halides with their various conjugates, resulting in good yields of about 99% (particularly in aryl fluorides).