Synthesis, characterization and optimization of sulfonated poly-ether-ether-ketone (sPEEK)/functionalized carbon nanotubes (c-CNTs) nanocomposite membranes for fuel cell application

Abstract

Poly-ether ketone (PEEK) was modified to sulfonated poly-ether ketone (sPEEK) by sulfonation process with a degree of sulfonation 49.5%. Carbon nanotubes were acid-treated with sulfuric acid and nitric acid solution (3:1, v/v) for functionalization. sPEEK and sPEEK/c-CNT membranes were prepared by solvent casting method using dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as solvent. The experimental part was conducted as per design of experiment employing response surface methodology consisting of three factors, namely (A) c-CNT (wt.%), (B) mixing temperature (°C), and (C) sPEEK concentration (mg/mL). The ion exchange capacity was found to increase with c-CNT (wt.%). Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy confirms the sulfonation of PEEK. X-Ray diffraction investigates the influence of the sulfonation in the crystal structure of the sPEEK and sPEEK/c-CNT. Scanning electron microscopy images show that c-CNTs are dispersed well in the sPEEK matrix. The results showed slightly increasing water uptake and swelling ratio of the composites membranes. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that c-CNT (wt.%) is highly affecting the responses. Proton conductivity of sPEEK specimen is about 23.9 mS/cm, which is significantly increased to 57.0 mS/cm for sPEEK/0.12 c-CNT (wt.%) membrane suggesting its application for fuel cell.