Abstract
Biopolymeric materials have been utilized for water treatment since ancient times. Consequently, novel sustainable, inexpensive and natural biobased alternatives have been explored persistently. Amphoteric derivatives of galactomannans are still unexplored and rarely used materials to treat industrial wastes. The present study was explored to synthesize and characterize the amphoteric derivative of galactomannan, obtained from Cassia tora seeds, by applying ‘Taguchi design’ (L'9), for its application in mitigation of cationic (Malachite green) and anionic (Congo red) dyes. The derivative was also studied for the conditioning of water using kaolin suspension. The results signify that the amphoteric derivative (anionic DS ~ 0.52 and cationic DS 0.197) is effective in maximum adsorption of Malachite green (73%) and Congo red (17%) dyes and as a flocculant at a minimum dose of 10 ppm. The amphoteric derivative was characterized by X-ray-diffraction, TG analysis and spectroscopic techniques.
Highlights
The developing concerns of water scarcity and environmental sustainability consciousness have renewed the global awareness towards the functional reuse and treatment of extremely contaminated wastewater (Grant et al, 2012)
The substitution of sodium carboxymethyl and quaternary ammonium moiety onto CTG was achieved by etherification, where the alkoxide ion epoxypropyltrimethylammonium chloride), produced in situ from CHPTAC leading to formation of the amphoteric product (CMQCTG) comprising of carboxymethyl and quaternary ammonium groups
The results reveal a maximum removal of 73% Malachite green (MG) and 17% Congo red (CR) dyes using carboxymethyl and quaternized Cassia tora gum (CMQCTG) which suggest that the CMQCTG is an effective biopolymeric amphoteric derivative for the removal of both cationic (MG) and anionic (CR) dyes from water
Summary
The developing concerns of water scarcity and environmental sustainability consciousness have renewed the global awareness towards the functional reuse and treatment of extremely contaminated wastewater (Grant et al, 2012). Water pollution caused by synthetic dyes and its threat on environment has significantly attracted the worldwide attention (Xie et al, 2014). The presence of dyeing effluent in a watercourse has a severe environmental impact as they are highly visible, non-biodegradable, toxic, and further, potentially able to be transformed into carcinogenic, teratogenic, and even mutagenic agents, creating a serious threat to human health and marine organisms (Sansuk et al, 2016). Generation of wastewater is chemically contaminated with dyestuffs, inorganic salts and other chemicals (Han et al, 2017). The release of such extremely contaminated wastewater into aquatic environments causes deleterious consequences to the aquatic ecosystems and public health yet decreases the measure of accessible water.
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