Synthesis, biological assessment, and computational investigations of nifedipine and monastrol analogues as anti-leishmanial major and anti-microbial agents.

Abstract

Leishmaniasis includes a range of parasitic diseases caused by numerous types of the protozoan kinetoplastid parasite. Fungal and bacterial pathogens have led to infectious illnesses causing some main public health problem in current years. A series of dihydropyridine and tetrahydropyrimidine derivatives having fluoro, bromo, and nitro substituents at para-phenyl ring on C4 of dihydropyridine and tetrahydropyrimidine rings were synthesized. Then, anti-leishmanial and antimicrobial potencies of compounds were assessed. All compounds were synthesized via Hantzsch and Biginelli reactions. All derivatives were evaluated for their anti-leishmanial and antimicrobial activities. Moreover, docking and molecular dynamics simulation calculations of the compounds in PRT1 binding site were performed to report the results of anti-leishmanial and antimicrobial activities. Compounds 4a and 4b showed the highest anti-amastigote and anti-promastigote activities. Compound 4a revealed the highest antimicrobial activity against E. coli, P. aeruginosa, and C. albicans strains. In addition, compound 4c showed the highest activity against S. aureus. The fluoro, bromo, and nitro substituents in para-position of phenyl group at C4 of dihydropyridine and tetrahydropyrimidine moieties as well as the bulk and length of the chain linking to the ester moieties are essential for anti-leishmanial and anti-microbial activities of these derivatives. Low cytotoxicity was shown by most of derivatives against macrophages. The molecular docking studies were in agreement with in vitro assay. Moreover, hydrogen binds, RMSF, RMSD, and Rg, strongly showed the steady binding of 4a and 4b compounds in PRT1 active site.