Synthesis, antioxidant, and antimicrobial evaluation of novel 2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrazole-4-carbonitrile derivatives using K2CO3/glycerol as a green deep eutectic solvent

Abstract

Providing green methods for the synthesis of new heterocyclic compounds with biological properties is interesting for scientists. Through the multi-component reaction of aldehyde derivatives, methyl 2-cyanoacetate, and phenylhydrazine using K2CO3, and glycerol as a deep eutectic solvent, new derivatives of 2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrazole-4-carbonitrile were synthesized. Biological evaluation of the synthesized 2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrazole-4-carbonitrile derivatives, including antioxidant activity on DPPH free radical and antimicrobial activity on a wide range of Gram-negative, Gram-positive bacterial, and fungal species, was done. In the antioxidant activity, IC50 value, and in the antimicrobial activity, IZD, MIC, MFC, and MBC parameters were assessed. The structure of the newly synthesized compounds was confirmed using 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and elemental analysis. 2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrazole-4-carbonitrile derivatives showed significant antioxidant and antibacterial activity and, in examining the results, a good relationship between the structure and biological activity of the 2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrazole-4-carbonitrile derivatives were found.