Abstract
We report studies on exchange bias effects in Ni–NiO nanoparticles with different particle diameters/distributions and concentration of metallic nickel, which vary from 0% to 32%. The exchange bias field, Hex, depends strongly upon both particle size and the concentration of metallic Ni, being maximum (∼2.2 kOe) at 5 K for the sample with almost negligible concentration of metallic Ni, whereas the corresponding value for the sample with highest concentration of metallic Ni (∼32±5.0%) is about 0.07 kOe. The structural features of the samples have been investigated thoroughly by using the Reitveld refinement of x-ray diffraction data and high resolution transmission electron microscopy, where as the magnetic properties using superconducting quantum interference device magnetometer.
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