Abstract
The impaired activity of tyrosinase and laccase can provoke serious concerns in the life cycles of mammals, insects and microorganisms. Investigation of inhibitors of these two enzymes may lead to the discovery of whitening agents, medicinal products, anti-browning substances and compounds for controlling harmful insects and bacteria. A small collection of novel reversible tyrosinase and laccase inhibitors with a phenylpropanoid and hydroxylated biphenyl core was prepared using naturally occurring compounds and their activity was measured by spectrophotometric and electrochemical assays. Biosensors based on tyrosinase and laccase enzymes were constructed and used to detect the type of protein-ligand interaction and half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50). Most of the inhibitors showed an IC50 in a range of 20–423 nM for tyrosinase and 23–2619 nM for laccase. Due to the safety concerns of conventional tyrosinase and laccase inhibitors, the viability of the new compounds was assayed on PC12 cells, four of which showed a viability of roughly 80% at 40 µM. In silico studies on the crystal structure of laccase enzyme identified a hydroxylated biphenyl bearing a prenylated chain as the lead structure, which activated strong and effective interactions at the active site of the enzyme. These data were confirmed by in vivo experiments performed on the insect model Tenebrio molitur.
Highlights
IntroductionMolecules 2020, 25, 2709 enzymatic browning of plant-derived food, and the molting process of insects [1,2]
Tyrosinase— referred to as monophenol monooxygenases (E.C. 1.14.18.1)—is a key enzyme in melanin biosynthesis and is involved in determining the color of mammalian skin and hair, the Molecules 2020, 25, 2709; doi:10.3390/molecules25112709 www.mdpi.com/journal/moleculesMolecules 2020, 25, 2709 enzymatic browning of plant-derived food, and the molting process of insects [1,2]
Based on the design and synthesis of tyrosinase inhibitors in literature with an α,β-unsaturated carbonyl function, we focused on the synthesis of propanoids derivatives, on chalcone-derivatives
Summary
Molecules 2020, 25, 2709 enzymatic browning of plant-derived food, and the molting process of insects [1,2]. Tyrosinase contains a binuclear, active copper site responsible for catalyzing two distinct reactions involving molecular oxygen. An abnormal lack of melanin causes albinism, whereas an excessive accumulation of melanin can result in hyperpigmentation, melanoma in humans, as well as undesirable browning in fruits and vegetables [4,5,6]. The enzyme product melanin has been shown to compromise the activity of traditional antibiotics [8]
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