Abstract
SummaryTwo-dimensional black phosphorus (BP) has triggered tremendous research interest owing to its unique crystal structure, high carrier mobility, and tunable direct bandgap. Preparation of few-layer BP with high quality and stability is very important for its related research and applications in biomedicine, electronics, and optoelectronics. In this review, the synthesis methods of BP, including the preparation of bulk BP crystal which is an important raw material for preparing few-layer BP, the popular top-down methods, and some direct growth strategies of few-layer BP are comprehensively overviewed. Then chemical ways to enhance the stability of few-layer BP are concretely introduced. Finally, we propose a selection rule of preparation methods of few-layer BP according to the requirement of specific BP properties for different applications. We hope this review would bring some insight for future researches on BP and contributes to the acceleration of BP's commercial progress.
Highlights
In 2014, the research teams of Ye (Liu et al, 2014) and Zhang (Li et al, 2014) independently reported that black phosphorus (BP), as a new elemental two-dimensional (2D) material, exhibits excellent electrical properties and anisotropic characteristics with a tunable bandgap (0.31 eV–1.0 eV), imparting BP with great potential for application in electronic and optoelectronic devices
Few-layer BP is mainly produced by a top-down processing of bulk BP crystals, which is hard to apply as a common method of mass production of few-layer BP with ideal interfaces
This review summarizes the majority of reported synthesis methods for BP crystal, few-layer BP, and BP quantum dots, as well as the strategies to enhance the stability of BP
Summary
In 2014, the research teams of Ye (Liu et al, 2014) and Zhang (Li et al, 2014) independently reported that black phosphorus (BP), as a new elemental two-dimensional (2D) material, exhibits excellent electrical properties (mobility of $1000 cm VÀ1 sÀ1 and on/off current ratio of up to 105 at room temperature) and anisotropic characteristics with a tunable bandgap (0.31 eV–1.0 eV), imparting BP with great potential for application in electronic and optoelectronic devices. In 2014, inspired by the fact that other 2D materials can be prepared by LPE (Coleman et al, 2011; Hernandez et al, 2008; Nicolosi et al, 2013), Brent et al successfully obtained few-layer BP flakes by bath ultrasonication of bulk BP in the N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) as an exfoliation medium for the first time (Brent et al, 2014) This method has pioneered the large-scale exfoliation of BP into sheets or even quantum dots, which can be uniformly dispersed in the solvent. The bulk BP is ground and dispersed
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