Abstract
Four nickel-based catalysts are synthesized by wet impregnation and evaluated for the hydrotreatment/hydrodeoxygenation of beech wood fast-pyrolysis bio-oil. Parameters such as elemental analysis, pH value, and water content, as well as the heating value of the upgraded bio-oils are considered for the evaluation of the catalysts’ activity and catalyst reuse in cycles of hydrodeoxygenation after regeneration. The reduction temperature, selectivity and hydrogen consumption are distinct among them, although all catalysts tested produce upgraded bio-oils with reduced oxygen concentration, lower water content and higher energy density. Ni/SiO2, in particular, can remove more than 50% of the oxygen content and reduce the water content by more than 80%, with low coke and gas formation. The evaluation over four consecutive hydrotreatment reactions and catalyst regeneration shows a slightly reduced hydrodeoxygenation activity of Ni/SiO2, mainly due to deactivation caused by sintering and adsorption of poisoning substances, such as sulfur. Following the fourth catalyst reuse, the upgraded bio-oil shows 43% less oxygen in comparison to the feedstock and properties comparable to the upgraded bio-oil obtained with the fresh catalyst. Hence, nickel-based catalysts are promising for improving hardwood fast-pyrolysis bio-oil properties, especially monometallic nickel catalysts supported on silica.
Highlights
The increase in global energy demand, depletion of fossil fuel reserves and climate change issues have drawn attention to renewable alternatives, to biomass [1,2,3], considering its CO2 neutrality for fuel applications and widespread availability [1,4]
The results obtained from the temperature programmed reduction (H2 –TPR), in Figure 1, were useful to identify the catalysts’ reduction temperatures before the hydrodeoxygenation (HDO)
Since the reduction of bulk Ni oxide occurs around 400–450 ◦ C [36,37], the reduction temperature of Ni/SiO2 and Ni/ZrO2 was set to 500 ◦ C to ensure a full reduction before hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) reactions
Summary
The increase in global energy demand, depletion of fossil fuel reserves and climate change issues have drawn attention to renewable alternatives, to biomass [1,2,3], considering its CO2 neutrality for fuel applications and widespread availability [1,4]. Products such as heat, power, biomaterials, chemical compounds, and transportation fuels can be obtained from biomass [5]. Combustion, gasification and pyrolysis are most common.
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