Synthesis and in vitro cytotoxicity evaluation of star-shaped polymethacrylic conjugates with methotrexate or acitretin as potential antipsoriatic prodrugs

Abstract

Water-soluble polymer-drug conjugates were obtained and analyzed towards their potential use as prodrugs for two hydrophobic antipsoriatic agents, including methotrexate (MTX) and acitretin (AC). The conjugation efficacy of MTX decreased with a decreasing molar ratio of N,N-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA) repeating units in the polymethacrylic chains. Cytotoxicity of positively charged (from +5 to +10 mV) nano- and microparticles (3–1500 nm in DMEM at 37 °C) were estimated by in vitro MTT and Annexin-V apoptosis assays on Me45, NHDF, HaCaT and BEAS-2B cell lines. Further, cell cycle analysis revealed arrest in G0/G1 phase in melanoma cells, while neither apoptosis induction nor cell cycle arrest occurred in normal epidermal and epithelial cells. Tested conjugates displayed a novel cytostatic effect in Me45 cells and a pro-apoptotic effect in HaCaT cells. Epithelial BEAS-2B cells were the most sensitive to the tested conjugates and responded via induction of necrosis. Cell line models allowed for characterization of the biologically relevant potential action of pro-drugs. Additionally, a skin in vitro evaluation assay provided the first known evidence of side-effect reduction with pro-drug use. Histological examinations confirmed the lack of negative effects of conjugates on the skin and showed no irritating properties.