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Abstract
With the goal of obtaining a novel bioactive compound with significant antifungal activity, a series of 1,3,4-thiadiazole derivatives (3a–3l) were synthesized and characterized. Due to thione-thiol tautomerism in the intermediate compound 2, type of substitution reaction in the final step was determined by two-dimensional (2D) NMR. In vitro antifungal activity of the synthesized compounds was evaluated against eight Candida species. The active compounds 3k and 3l displayed very notable antifungal effects. The probable mechanisms of action of active compounds were investigated using an ergosterol quantification assay. Docking studies on 14-α-sterol demethylase enzyme were also performed to investigate the inhibition potency of compounds on ergosterol biosynthesis. Theoretical absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) predictions were calculated to seek their drug likeness of final compounds. The results of the antifungal activity test, ergosterol biosynthesis assay, docking study, and ADME predictions indicated that the synthesized compounds are potential antifungal agents, which inhibit ergosterol biosynthesis probably interacting with the fungal 14-α-sterol demethylase.
Highlights
Invasive fungal infections due to Candida species are being increasingly shown as a main reason of morbidity and mortality in the healthcare environment [1,2]
These findings indicated that the antifungal activity of the compounds is enhanced when halogens such as chloro or fluoro are added to the second position of the phenyl ring
We synthesized a series of new 1,3,4-thiadiazole derivatives to evaluate their possible antifungal properties against different fungal strains
Summary
Invasive fungal infections due to Candida species are being increasingly shown as a main reason of morbidity and mortality in the healthcare environment [1,2]. These infections typically occur due to the effect of five most general pathogens C. glabrata, C. albicans, C. krusei, C. parapsilosis, and C. tropicalis. Each of these organisms has unique virulence potency, antifungal susceptibility and epidemiology; when considered as a whole, important organism-related infections are often referred to as invasive candidiasis.
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