Synthesis and evaluation of in vitro and in vivo trypanocidal properties of a new imidazole-containing nitrophthalazine derivative

Abstract

A series of new phthalazine derivatives (1–4) containing imidazole rings and functionalized with nitro groups in the benzene ring of the phthalazine moiety were prepared and identified on the basis of their MS, elemental analyses and bidimensional 1H and 13C NMR data, and their trypanocidal activity was tested. The 8-nitrosubstituted compound (3) was more active in vitro against Trypanosoma cruzi and less toxic against Vero cells than the reference drug benznidazole, and showed a SI value that was 47-fold better than the reference drug in amastigote forms. It also remarkably reduced the infectivity rate in Vero cells and decreased the reactivation of parasitemia in immunodeficient mice. Ultrastructural alterations found in epimastigotes treated with 3 confirmed extensive cytoplasm destruction in the parasites, whereas histopathological analysis of the hearts of mice infected and treated with 3 resulted in a decrease in cardiac damage. Biochemical markers showed that livers, hearts, and kidneys of treated mice were substantially unaffected by the administration of 3, despite the presence of the potentially toxic nitro group. It was also found that this compound selectively inhibited the antioxidant parasite enzyme Fe–superoxide dismutase (Fe–SOD) in comparison with human CuZn–SOD, and molecular modeling suggested interaction with the H-bonding system of the iron-based moiety as a feasible mechanism of action against the enzyme.