Synthesis and characterization of SiO2–CrO3, SiO2–MoO3, and SiO2–WO3 mixed oxides produced using the non-hydrolytic sol–gel process

Abstract

Silica-based mixed oxide xerogels, namely SiO2–CrO3, SiO2–MoO3, and SiO2–WO3, were prepared using the non-hydrolytic sol–gel process. The materials were synthesized using metal chloride:tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) molar ratios of 0.1:2; 0.2:2 and 0.4:2 for each metal chloride and 1:2 SiCl4:TEOS molar ratio. All of the xerogels containing Cr, Mo or W had considerably greater surface areas than that of SiO2. The small angle X-ray scattering experiments suggest that the surface roughness of the aggregates in SiO2–CrO3 is less than that of SiO2–MoO3 and SiO2–WO3. The morphological characteristics of the silica-based mixed oxide xerogels were not affected by the nature and amount of metal chloride employed in the synthesis. An irregular morphology was observed for SiO2–CrO3, SiO2–MoO3 and SiO2–WO3, but a lamellar structure was observed for SiO2. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis suggests that tungsten species were preferentially distributed on the outmost part of the grain. The resulting particle diameter was shown to be lower for the mixed oxides compared to that of bare silica. Furthermore, the presence of metals (Cr, Mo and W) on silica caused a decrease in the size of the particles as the atomic radii of these metals increased. According to the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and Raman, Cr, Mo and W were incorporated within the silica framework.