Abstract
Small sized magnetite iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe3O4-NPs) with were successfully synthesized on the surface of rice straw using the quick precipitation method in the absence of any heat treatment. Ferric chloride (FeCl3·6H2O), ferrous chloride (FeCl2·4H2O), sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and urea (CH4N2O) were used as Fe3O4-NPs precursors, reducing agent and stabilizer, respectively. The rice straw fibers were dispersed in deionized water, and then urea was added to the suspension, after that ferric and ferrous chloride were added to this mixture and stirred. After the absorption of iron ions on the surface layer of the fibers, the ions were reduced with NaOH by a quick precipitation method. The reaction was carried out under N2 gas. The mean diameter and standard deviation of metal oxide NPs synthesized in rice straw/Fe3O4 nanocomposites (NCs) were 9.93 ± 2.42 nm. The prepared rice straw/Fe3O4-NCS were characterized using powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXF) and Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FT‒IR). The rice straw/Fe3O4-NCs prepared by this method have magnetic properties.
Highlights
In many countries, straw is an abundant cellulosic by-product from the production of crops such as wheat, corn, soybean and rice
The comparison between the powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) patterns of rice straw and the rice straw/Fe3O4-NCs prepared by the chemical reduction route indicated the formation of Fe3O4-NPs on the surface of the rice straw
transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images were used to understand the morphology of the nanocomposites
Summary
Straw is an abundant cellulosic by-product from the production of crops such as wheat, corn, soybean and rice. Rice straw is a potential source of energy and is a value-added by-product [5] It represents around 45% of the volume in rice production, producing the largest quantity of crop residue. Rice straw has the most amount of cellulose from agricultural crop residues because its composition is cellulose (38.3%), hemicelluloses (31.6%) and lignin (11.8%) [6]. It has traditionally been used as animal feed for cattle, feedstock for the paper industry or organic fertilizer by burning it on the open field or burying it on to the soil [7]
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