Abstract
Due to increased emissions of palladium nanoparticles in recent years, it is important to develop analytical techniques to characterize these particles. The synthesis of defined and stable particles plays a key role in this process, as there are not many materials commercially available yet which could act as reference materials. Polyvinylpyrrolidone- (PVP-) stabilized palladium nanoparticles were synthesized through the reduction of palladium chloride by tetraethylene glycol (TEG) in the presence of KOH. Four different methods were used for particle size analysis of the palladium nanoparticles. Palladium suspensions were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), single-particle ICP-MS (SP-ICP-MS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Secondary particles between 30 nm and 130 nm were detected in great compliance with SAXS and SP-ICP-MS. SEM analysis showed that the small particulates tend to form agglomerates.
Highlights
Nanomaterials describe, in principle, materials with at least one dimension in the size range of 1 nm to 100 nm
Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP, MW = 8000 g/mol, Alfa Aesar)-stabilized palladium nanoparticles were synthesized through the reduction of palladium chloride (PdCl2, Alfa Aesar) by tetra ethylene glycol (TEG, Merck) in the presence of potassium hydroxide (KOH, Merck)
The nanoparticles were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), single-particle ICP-MS (SP-ICP-MS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD)
Summary
Nanomaterials describe, in principle, materials with at least one dimension in the size range of 1 nm to 100 nm. The stabilization of nanoparticles represents one key challenge in nanomaterial synthesis. Cookson gives an overview about different types of stabilizers for nanoparticles [3] Another key challenge represents the formation of controlled particle sizes and shapes during the synthesis. Platinum group metals (PGM) such as platinum, rhodium, and palladium gained increasing interest in environmental research as they are emitted for example by exhaust fumes into the environment They act as the catalytic active compounds in catalytic converters of cars. In the synthesis of defined and stable palladium nanoparticles, in particular, the application of different analytical characterization methods plays a key role. Because of the increased use of palladium nanoparticles, it is important to establish more combination sets of analytical methods for the characterization of size and shape of these nanoparticles. Palladium nanoparticles were synthesized under different conditions and investigated using four different methods
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