Abstract
The poly(vinyl alcohol)-assisted sol-gel-self-propagation route has been used for the synthesis of porous binary metal oxide nanocomposites (BMONCs) and ternary metal oxide nanocomposites (TMONCs). The effects of synthesis techniques, precursor’s type, amount of PVA loading, and precursor’s percentage were studied. The optical, chemical bonding, crystallinity, morphological, textural, and electrochemical properties of the synthesized materials were characterized by UV-vis-DRS/UV-vis, FT-IR, XRD, SEM/EDX and TEM/HRTEM/SAED, BET, and CV/EIS techniques, respectively. The porous nature of the materials was confirmed by SEM, BET, and SAED analytical techniques. Using XRD and TEM analysis, the approximate particle size of the materials was confirmed to be in the nanometer range (~7-70 nm). The EDX and HRTEM analysis was confirming the presence of predictable composition and actuality of the composites, respectively. Moving from bare ZnO to ternary nanocomposites, the great morphological, surface area, and electrochemical property enhancement was confirmed. The charge transfer capability order was obtained to be ZnO/Fe2O3/Mn2O3 > ZnO/Fe2O3 > ZnO/Mn2O3 > ZnO. The respective approximate electron transfer resistance value is 7, 25, 61, and 65 Ω. Therefore, this work can improve the toxicity towards solvent used, surface area to volume ratio, and aggregation/agglomeration problem and also enhance the charge transfer capability due to the heterojunction.
Highlights
With the rapid development of industrial society, increasing environmental safety threats pose a major concern
The porous nature of the material was confirmed by SEM and BET analysis; in advance, this is confirmed from the selected area electron diffraction (SAED) ring
Using the X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) pattern and TEM analysis, the particle size of the synthesized materials was confirmed to be in the nanorange (~7-70 nm)
Summary
With the rapid development of industrial society, increasing environmental safety threats pose a major concern. Metal oxides have been vigorously applied as an environmental waste management system [1]. ZnO was reported to be less production cost, higher light absorption efficacy, and less toxic properties [2, 3]. Among several efficient efforts applied to reduce the mentioned drawbacks, developing ZnO-based heterojunction with different bandgap materials was obtained to be one of the preferences [6]. Depending on the magnetic property, stability, and high surface area to volume ratio property, iron and manganese oxides are reported to be promising materials [7,8,9]
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