Synthesis and characterization of N-MPG/CuS flower-like/MXene to modify a screen-printed carbon electrode for electrochemical determination of nalbuphine

Abstract

Nalbuphine (NAL) is a drug with narcotic properties and analgesic effects, and its use has side effects such as drowsiness, nausea, and headache. Excessive use of this drug leads to death. Measuring NAL is important to ensure that the correct dose is administered to the patient and to avoid overdose or underdose. It is also important to monitor the patient's response to the medication and adjust the dosage if necessary. Additionally, measuring nalbuphine levels may be important in cases of suspected overdose or toxicity. In the present research, a very simple and cheap method based on screen-printed carbon electrodes coated with CuS flower-like and N-doped mesoporous graphene and MXene was constructed for the measurement of NAL. At first, the modifier was analyzed by SEM, EDS, and TEM methods. Then, the NAL measurement was done by cyclic and differential pulse voltammetry techniques. Results showed a good ability of the prepared sensor for measurement of NAL in the span of 5–150 μM, which reached a detection limit of 1.6 μM. The prepared sensor showed the capability of NAL measurement in real samples.