Abstract
Dehydrated castor oil was epoxidized using phosphoric acid as a catalyst and acetic acid peroxide as an oxidant to produce epoxidized castor oil (ECO). Ring- opening polymerization with stannic chloride was used to produce polymerized ECO (PECO), and sodium hydro- xide used to give hydrolyzed PECO (HPECO). The HPECO was characterized by Fourier transform infrared, 1 H and 13 C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopies, gel permeation chromatography, and differential scanning calorimetry. The weight-average molecular weight of soluble PECO and HPECO were 5026 and 2274 g$mol -1 , respectively. PECO and HPECO exhibited glass transition. Through neutralizing the carboxylic acid of HPECO with different counterions, castor oil-based polymeric surfactants (HPECO-M, where M = Na + ,K + or triethanolamine ion) exhibited high efficiency to reduce the surface tension of water. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) values of HPECO-M ranged from 0.042 to 0.098 g$L -1 and the minimum equilibrium surface tensions at CMC (gcmc) of HPECO-M ranged from 25.6 to 30.0 mN$m -1 . The water-hexadecane interfacial energy was calculated from measured surface tension using harmonic and geometric mean methods. Measured values of water-hexadecane interfacial tension agreed well with those calculated using the harmonic and geometric mean methods.
Highlights
At a time of depleting fossil oil reserves and an increasing emission of greenhouse gases, the utilization of renewable resources in energy and material applications is receiving increased attention in both industrial and academic settings, due to concerns about environmental sustainability[1]
Hydrolysis of polymerized ECO (PECO) was performed with NaOH (Fig. 1)
PECO was prepared via ring-opening polymerization by the SnCl4 catalyst with the hydroxyl groups in epoxidized castor oil (ECO) acting as initiators
Summary
At a time of depleting fossil oil reserves and an increasing emission of greenhouse gases, the utilization of renewable resources in energy and material applications is receiving increased attention in both industrial and academic settings, due to concerns about environmental sustainability[1]. This situation has raised interest in the use of biodegradable polymers from inexpensive renewable resources and the utilization of renewable raw materials meets the principles of green chemistry. Biodegradable, low-cost, eco-friendly, and low-toxicity natural resources They consist of triglycerides and exhibit high diversity related to the length of the fatty acid chain and degree of saturation[2]. The functional groups, such as the hydroxyl groups, and double bonds in fatty acid chains can provide additional natural chemical functionality for modifications, cross-linking and polymerization
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