Abstract
In this study, bio-oil from the fast pyrolysis of renewable biomass was used as the raw material to synthesize bio-oil phenol formaldehyde (BPF) resin—a desirable resin for fabricating phenolic-based material. During the synthesis process, paraformaldehyde was used to achieve the requirement of high solid content and low viscosity. The properties of BPF resins were tested. Results indicated that BPF resin with the bio-oil addition of 20% had good performance on oxygen index and bending strength, indicating that adding bio-oil could modify the fire resistance and brittleness of PF resin. The thermal curing behavior and heat resistance of BPF resins were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). Results showed that adding bio-oil had an impact on curing characteristics and thermal degradation process of PF resin, but the influence was insignificant when the addition was relatively low. The chemical structure and surface characteristics of BPF resins were determined by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The analysis demonstrated that adding bio-oil in the amount of 20% was able to improve the crosslinking degree and form more hydrocarbon chains in PF resin.
Highlights
Through a long history of development, phenol formaldehyde (PF) resin-based materials have been widely used in many fields, thanks to their desirable properties of high rigidity, good corrosion resistance, and less smoke and toxicity when burning
That use of bio-oil from fast pyrolysis and paraformaldehyde as raw materials was an effective approach for synthesizing bio-oil phenol formaldehyde (BPF) resins—a desirable resin for fabricating phenolic-based material
BPF resin with the bio-oil addition of 20% had good performance in oxygen index and bending
Summary
Through a long history of development, phenol formaldehyde (PF) resin-based materials have been widely used in many fields, thanks to their desirable properties of high rigidity, good corrosion resistance, and less smoke and toxicity when burning. The environmental stress and price fluctuation caused by petroleum-based phenol obtained from fossil resources has severely limited the application of PF resin-based material. Industry efforts have been focused on identifying phenolics from renewable resources. Biomass is an important renewable source for energy and chemical feedstock, considered as an effective alternative to fossil resources [1,2,3]. Pyrolysis is a thermochemical conversion technology and plays an important role in the utilization of biomass resource. Relevant studies have demonstrated that bio-oil derived from fast pyrolysis of biomass contained a large phenolic fraction and was well suited for creating chemicals [4,5,6,7,8,9]. There were ambitious efforts to substitute phenol in PF resins by phenolic fraction from bio-oil and the synthesis of bio-oil phenol formaldehyde (BPF) resin could be Materials 2017, 10, 668; doi:10.3390/ma10060668 www.mdpi.com/journal/materials
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