Abstract
A Bi2S3@NH2-MIL125(Ti) core–shell nanocomposite was synthesized using a solvothermal method for the degradation of tocilizumab through a sono-catalytic ozonation process. The physicochemical properties of the catalyst were characterized using FESEM, EDS, TEM, XRD, FT-IR, DRS, BET, and XPS techniques. The optimum conditions were found to be as 0.75 g/L nanocatalyst, 10 mg/L tocilizumab, 5 L/hr ozone flow, 240 W ultrasonic power, and pH 9.0 over 15 min. Under these conditions, the process achieved approximately 100 % removal of tocilizumab, 86 % reduction in COD, and 76 % reduction in TOC, with only slight decreases in efficiency after five consecutive cycles. The degradation of tocilizumab was attributed to 38 % ozonation, 20 % sorption, and 15 % sonolysis. Methanol had the most significant impact on the process, while sodium azide had the least. The primary reactive species were identified as α-Hydrogen/OH radicals, with e−-h+ pairs playing a minor role. PO43− had the greatest impact on process efficiency, while SO42− had the least. The reaction followed a first-order kinetic model with an R2 value of 0.94. The synergistic effect coefficient of 1.88 indicated a significant synergistic impact from the combined ozonation and sonolysis processes. The energy efficiency (EE/O) of the sono-catalytic ozonation process was calculated to be 66.67 kW/h-m3-order.
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