Abstract
Bone scaffolds play an important role in promoting the healing of large bone defects. However, the type of scaffold material, type of drug loaded into the scaffold, and method of preparation have a significant impact on the scaffold's properties. In this study, we developed a composite scaffold comprising sodium alginate (SA), chitosan (CS), and hydroxyapatite (HA). The composite stent carries vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), wrapped in internal microspheres, and vancomycin (VAN). The microspheres are wrapped in an outer matrix formed by SA, CS, and HA, whereas the outer matrix carries VAN. Using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy analyses, we studied the contraction rate, swelling, porosity, mechanical properties, degradation, and drug release ability of all the composite scaffolds. The best scaffold, as demonstrated by the results of these studies, was the HA6(SA/CS)4@VAN/VEGF scaffold. The antibacterial ability of the HA6(SA/CS)4@VAN/VEGF scaffold was determined using Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). Cytotoxicity, cell adhesion, and osteogenic properties of the HA6(SA/CS)4@VAN/VEGF scaffold were studied using bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. The results indicate that the HA6(SA/CS)4@VAN/VEGF scaffold exhibits good physical, chemical, antibacterial, and osteogenic properties, and is, thus, a new type of bone scaffold composite material with good osteogenic potential.
Highlights
Bone defects are usually caused by trauma, infection, surgery, and diseases, such as osteoporosis and arthritis, and bone tissue replacement is required to rebuild function (Wei et al, 2020)
The risks of secondary infection, immune rejection, donor disease, and limited blood supply need to be circumvented through artificial replacement using bone tissue engineering (Smith et al, 2015; Windhager et al, 2017)
The results show that the VAN (+) bracket has a good antibacterial property
Summary
Bone defects are usually caused by trauma, infection, surgery, and diseases, such as osteoporosis and arthritis, and bone tissue replacement is required to rebuild function (Wei et al, 2020). Degradation Studies The freeze-dried scaffold was weighed (m0), immersed in a centrifuge tube containing sterile PBS, and placed in a 37◦C cell incubator. After 11 days, the induction and control groups were rinsed twice with 2 ml PBS, fixed for 10 min with 1 ml 4% paraformaldehyde, rinsed three times with 2 ml deionized water, and avoid 1 ml 1% alizarin red S staining solution. Cytotoxicity Evaluation Third-generation BMSCs were digested and resuspended separately with complete L-DMEM (L-DMEM containing 10% FBS and 1% penicillin-streptomycin), HA0(SA/CS)10 @VAN/VEGF scaffold extraction and HA6(SA/CS)4@VAN/VEGF scaffold extraction They were inoculated into a 96-well plate at 5 × 104 cells/well in three wells of each group of four 96-well plate. Cell images were obtained using a laser confocal microscope in the dark
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