Synthesis and biological evaluation of curcumin inspired imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine analogues as tubulin polymerization inhibitors

Abstract

With an aim to develop new curcumin inspired analogues as potent anticancer agents, we synthesized a series of (1E,4E)-1-phenyl-5-(3-phenylimidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-2-yl)penta-1,4-dien-3-ones (12a–t) as tubulin polymerization inhibitors. An initial screening was carried out to evaluate their cytotoxic potential on a panel of six cancer cell lines namely, cervical (HeLa), gastric (HGC-27), lung (NCI-H460), prostate (DU-145 and PC-3) and breast (4T1), using MTT assay. Among the compounds tested, compounds 12e, 12r and 12t showed potent growth inhibition and 12t {(1E,4E)-1-(3-(3,4-difluorophenyl)imidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-2-yl)-5-(2,4,6-trimethoxyphenyl)penta-1,4-dien-3-one} being the most active member of the series inhibited the growth of all the tested cell lines with IC50 values varying from 1.7 – 2.97 μM. Moreover, 12t showed promising cytotoxicity on PC-3, HGC-27 and HeLa cell lines with IC50 values of 2.11 ± 0.27 μM, 2.21 ± 0.25 μM and 2.53 ± 0.01 μM respectively. The results from aqueous solubility test showed that compounds 12e and 12t have 1.7 and 2.8 times more aqueous solubility than curcumin. Interestingly, the most active compound 12t was found to be nearly 2 times more selective on PC-3 cells as well as safe on normal human prostate (RWPE-1) cells. In addition, compound 12t efficiently inhibited tubulin polymerization with IC50 value of 8.44 ± 0.13 μM and molecular modelling studies disclosed that 12t binds at the colchicine binding site of the tubulin. Cell cycle analysis revealed that 12t arrests PC-3 cells in G2/M phase in a dose dependant manner. Further, treatment of PC-3 cells with 12t showed typical apoptotic morphology, also led to the impairment of mitochondrial membrane potential (DΨm) and increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Altogether, the results from acridine orange/ethidium bromide (AO-EB) and DAPI staining studies, annexin V-FITC/propidium iodide staining assay, analysis of mitochondrial membrane potential (DΨm) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels undoubtedly demonstrated the induction of apoptosis in PC-3 cells by compound 12t.