Abstract
The synthesis of fluorine-containing small molecules has had numerous benefits of improving the quality and efficiency of many applications of these compounds. For example, fluorine adds promising functionalities in various areas of imaging (MRI, PET, and NIR); gives cell-targeting properties; and has demonstrated improvements in cell permeability, solubility, and other pharmacologic properties. For these and other numerous reasons, fluorination of molecules has grown in popularity in various fields of chemistry. Many reports show the effects observed from increasing the number of fluorine atoms on a fluorophore scaffold. This report will cover the most significant applications and improvements that fluorine has contributed to in various dye scaffolds such as BODIPY, rhodamine, phthalocyanine, and cyanine in the recent decade.
Highlights
Fluorine-containing compounds have grown in popularity for medicinal chemistry, with some of the most recently popular drugs containing fluorine atoms: Fluoxetine, Atorvastatin, and Lansoprazole [1]
There are many examples of fluorine atoms improving the qualities of these fluorophores, it is vital to consider the trends in what has been achieved in recent years
Fluorine has been incorporated into many fluorophores in an attempt to improve chemical and optical properties
Summary
Fluorine-containing compounds have grown in popularity for medicinal chemistry, with some of the most recently popular drugs containing fluorine atoms: Fluoxetine, Atorvastatin, and Lansoprazole [1]. ThTehestsrtuructcuturereoof fBBOODDIPIPYYiissmmaaiinnllyy unique duee ttootthheecchhrroommoopphhoorreehhaavvininggaafluflour-iorniantaetdedbobroornoncecnetnerte(rFi(gFuigrue r2e).2L).iteLriateturaretufroecufosceus soenstohne sthyentshyenstisheosfisyomf msyemtrmic eatnrdicaasnydmasmymetrmicetvreicrsvioenrssioonfsBoOf DBOIPDYIPdYyedsyuessinugsindgiffdeirfefenrteanltkayllkygrloguropus,phs,ahloagloengeantoamtosm, sa,nadndexextetennddeeddccoonnjujuggaatitoionn[1[177,1,188].].ItItisisaalslsooeesssseenntitaial ltotorreeccooggnnizizeeththeeliltieterraatuturereddeetatailiilninggssuubbst-istitutions of the fluorine atoms on the boron center [22,23] TThheessee sshhoorrttccoommiinnggss aarree aassssoocciiaatteedd wwiitthh tthhee ppllaannaarr ssttrruuccttuurree ooff tthhee pphhtthhaallooccyyaanniinnee ccoorree;; tthhee ppllaannaarr mmoolleeccuulleess eexxppeerriieennccee ppii--ssttaacckkiinngg aatt cceerrttaaiinn ccoonncceennttrraattiioonnss lleeaaddiinngg ttoo aaggggrreeggaa-pytaithtaiydemhimipeerorpeyoeoatpppnapenpisprtererseersa[sCseon[Con2ma2drv[d[y9vdbtyt933yiei]eaieean]d00e.netd.ntdnh]]gsisHwg..HfiiitnftbaninRoioeeomoemtReeeeerwwtttdesndaeh[dwahene3giseyegyefav1ettevifeihenpra]eepenwes.csegrrhrnr,hg,h,Acea,tatapthernhvpthrhsleshrrteteaerarsshoserssollweleeeoopseehopeaetneucaaeachehrnyngrrvgymvcrractatehathieeiihhvnionelnneeeeeassessiirsFenn;rF.tmnss.sasisegiiegrgearogotaecucacruhmnsrpoheorrtersiorceefiere;werherwdcse2m2tetaoopte,o,fodonrmidohohrgktprkaprafheiactrvionwrvetneammeergedvtgnaveobiewyboweggcuwenesntaohaeiniteittoctyrtnttnhteeitfhshneohgaasdtsiofiodohys:suitusrfifeniatysfiafcsretfegesdngeeheisyrfgmfitgreu:etsuhnrehrsntleetelnteiierttghcznsgcthiliaciedlmcaasnciaotstntisoisghiseimodsezsomtatn,diiihonbsonfnbipffiiefbfcgeneinefflfntfferfeeanlfueadeedur,ettnncteoiiicaopioftfncrotmffrreneoweeteonwnspsrrepvpshetehthiooeahhinnnoilrorfmolietfcsteronsereieseavupoeedasustlse,nbltshibsaifronssafcioossbotnnaoitrfioorfolietudfutumpu,nmpurtrttethhsaraetihatnochneennhnoeatppsedtyesrfylesr-etaffmecettshsinpeec[i3fi1c].mAolitehtoieusghhaavesiognnitfhiceasnetcaommopuonutnodfss,ymntuhcehsiosfhtahse breeseenarrechpolretfetdtoasbtouudtythise iemffpercotsvisnpgecuipfiocnmthoeiestpieescihfiacviteyoonf tthheesseeccoommppoouunnddssa,smwuecllhaosfimthperorevsienagrochptliecfatl tporosptuedrtyieiss. There are many examples of fluorine atoms improving the qualities of these fluorophores, it is vital to consider the trends in what has been achieved in recent years Some of these modifications have achieved significant results that can inspire future research to apply similar changes to other dye scaffolds
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