Abstract
Objective: Copper and manganese are essential minerals needed for various biological processes in small amounts. However, essential mineralsare poorly absorbed in the form of salts or free form, leading to their low bioavailability. Forming complexes of essential minerals with protein canincrease their bioavailability. Metal proteinate complexes are non-polar, thereby reducing their excretion from the body. Fish waste is quite abundantin Indonesia, and therefore, we used fish waste to synthesize metal-proteinate complexes.Methods: Protein was extracted from fish waste using pancreatin. The extracted protein was mixed with copper or manganese in various ratios. Themetal content in the complexes was analyzed using atomic absorption spectrophotometry; ion exchange chromatography was used for separating thecomplexes from free unbound metals.Results: The optimum condition which yielded the highest protein content was the ratio of pancreatin enzyme to fish waste powder of 2:100. Theoptimum concentration of pancreatin was found to be 2% of the substrate. The yield of copper-proteinate complexes ranged from 97.87% to 98.55%,whereas the yield of manganese proteinate ranged from 97.05% to 98.36%. The free metal content was only found in the manganese proteinatecomplex in the 1.2:1 ratio, which was determined to be 0.0198 mg/g.Conclusion: We demonstrated that copper and manganese can react with proteins extracted by enzymatic hydrolysis of fish waste.
Highlights
Fish waste comprises various body parts from fish, such as the head, skin, stomach contents, fins, bones, and eggs [1,2]
The yield of copper-proteinate complexes ranged from 97.87% to 98.55%, whereas the yield of manganese proteinate ranged from 97.05% to 98.36%
We demonstrated that copper and manganese can react with proteins extracted by enzymatic hydrolysis of fish waste
Summary
Fish waste comprises various body parts from fish, such as the head, skin, stomach contents, fins, bones, and eggs [1,2]. Fish waste is generally discarded rather than being used for other applications [3,4]. Converting fish waste into useful compounds such as drugs or functional foods that use protein ingredients is a solution to this problem [5]. Fat, amino acids, minerals, enzymes, peptides, collagen, and gelatin [6,7]. Chemical hydrolysis produces heterogeneous and non-specific peptides which reduce protein quality, whereas enzymatic reaction produces a more precise and better quality hydrolyzed protein. Enzymatic reactions using protease enzymes are better than chemical hydrolysis reactions [7,8]
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