Abstract
In the article, we make an attempt to relate logical topoi, rhetorical figures, and syntactic constructions. The research is based on the court speeches of Russian lawyers of late 19th and early 20th century. This period is considered to be the Golden Age of the Russian lawyer eloquence, thus the speeches delivered at that time by famous Russian lawyers in jury trials are of particular interest for the analysis. The speeches were chosen at random as the focus was not on the orators’ individual style but on their general strategies of syntactic expression of topoi. Although topoi have been an indispensable part of rhetorical invention since Antiquity, there still exists a discrepancy in their interpretation. In different time periods, they were regarded as the source of arguments, as clichés and even as themes that can be modified depending on orator’s objectives. In the article, we focus on the approach, which involves trichotomic classification, which includes logical topoi that are connected with logical operations. The most common topoi in lawyers speeches are those of time and place and genus and species . Within the framework of our study, they are analyzed in terms of logical operations and set theory, as well as structural schemes of sentences which were further connected with respective rhetorical figures (their functions being described for each case). The structural schemes’ analysis we used follow the principles described in Russian Grammar (1980). In the final part of the article, the results of the study are summarized. Logical operations typical for the topoi of time and place and genus and species are provided along with the most common syntactic schemes of sentences and rhetorical figures. We believe that this approach to the analysis of topoi can be beneficial both in theoretical and practical perspective and can be common to analyze the logical basis of lawyers’ argumentation, the major component of their eloquence.
Highlights
Когнитивная лингвистика indispensable part of rhetorical invention since Antiquity, there still exists a discrepancy in their interpretation
We focus on the approach, which involves trichotomic classification, which includes logical topoi that are connected with logical operations
Within the framework of our study, they are analyzed in terms of logical operations and set theory, as well as structural schemes of sentences which were further connected with respective rhetorical figures
Summary
Топос рода и вида – один из наиболее частотных логических топосов в судебных речах. Связано это, вероятно, не только с естественной необходимостью классифицировать явления и объекты, фигурирующие в деле, но и с установкой судебного красноречия рубежа XIX и XX вв. на психологизм и выявление типического: адвокаты, находившиеся под влиянием русской реалистической литературы, анализировали психологию фигурантов дел и классифицировали их с точки зрения типов [Khazagerov, Bondareva, 2019. В виде логической схемы это можно записать как (1) a ⊻ b, (2) S ∈ a, где а – множество склонных к семейной жизни людей; b – множество холостяков; S – референт речи, подзащитный Кронеберг. Синтаксически же это воплощается в сложноподчиненных предложениях нерасчлененной структуры, которые можно представить в виде следующих структурных схем 2:. Но даже если мы будет трактовать такой объемный фрагмент, содержащий в себе топос, как логически неделимое целое, то внутри этого целого по-прежнему можно будет выделить своего рода логическое ядро – в данном случае это будет приведенная в начале ци-. В виде логической схемы это можно записать следующим образом:. В виде структурной схемы это можно представить как (1) Adv-o Сop Inf, (2) N1pl Vf, (3) N1 Vf.
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