Abstract
Organometal lead halide perovskites have been widely used as the light harvester for high-performance solar cells. However, typical perovskites of methylammonium lead halides (CH3NH3PbX3, X=Cl, Br, I) are usually sensitive to moisture in ambient air, and thus require an inert atmosphere to process. Here we demonstrate a moisture-induced transformation of perovskite crystals in a triple-layer scaffold of TiO2/ZrO2/Carbon to fabricate printable mesoscopic solar cells. An additive of ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) is employed to assist the crystallization of perovskite, wherein the formation and transition of intermediate CH3NH3X·NH4PbX3(H2O)2 (X=I or Cl) enables high-quality perovskite CH3NH3PbI3 crystals with preferential growth orientation. Correspondingly, the intrinsic perovskite devices based on CH3NH3PbI3 achieve an efficiency of 15.6% and a lifetime of over 130 days in ambient condition with 30% relative humidity. This ambient-processed printable perovskite solar cell provides a promising prospect for mass production, and will promote the development of perovskite-based photovoltaics.
Highlights
Organometal lead halide perovskites have been widely used as the light harvester for highperformance solar cells
To achieve high-performance printable perovskite solar cells (PSCs), it is critical to control the crystallization of perovskite absorbers in the triple-layer scaffold of mesoporous TiO2 (m-TiO2) electron-collecting layer, ZrO2-insulating layer and carbon counter electrode layer
The as-annealed sample was light brown, which is different from the colour of typical CH3NH3PbI3 absorber[5,9,32], indicating that an intermediate phase rather than a pure perovskite phase may exist at this state
Summary
Organometal lead halide perovskites have been widely used as the light harvester for highperformance solar cells. In achieving high-performance PSCs, the perovskite film quality such as morphology, crystallinity and defect density of the perovskite grains play a significant role Various deposition methods such as antisolvent treatment[24], sequential two-step method[25] and vapour-assisted process[26] and so on have been developed to attain uniform and homogeneous perovskite thin films for mesoscopic or planar heterojunction PSCs. to depress the moisture-assisted degradation of perovskite CH3NH3PbI3 during thin-film-formation process, these techniques usually require inert atmosphere or high vacuum conditions to restrain the environmental humidity, which usually couples with intensive energy-consumption issues and is incompatible with industrial production. Successful transfer from artwork in the glove box to application modules in ambient air will be an important milestone in the development of such lowcost photovoltaic technology
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