Abstract
20(S)-Protopanaxadiol (APPD) has potential uses in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food industries because of its anti-stress, anti-fatigue, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, and anti-wrinkle properties. However, APPD production is difficult because β-glycosidases that convert the protopanaxadiol (PPD)-type ginsenoside compound K to APPD are rare. β-Glycosidase from Dictyoglomus turgidum (DT-bgl) has the highest specific activity for converting compound K to APPD, but exhibits no activity towards the α-l-arabinopyranoside moiety in compound Y. Therefore, β-glycosidase from Caldicellulosiruptor bescii (CB-bgl), which has a strong α-l-arabinopyranosidase activity, was used along with DT-bgl. The volumetric and specific productivities of the two-enzyme system for APPD using ginseng root extract were 38.4- and 38.7-fold higher, respectively, than those of β-glycosidase from Pyrococcus furiosus, which had the highest volumetric productivity previously reported, at the same enzyme and substrate concentrations. Thus, DT-bgl combined with CB-bgl completely converted PPD-type ginsenosides to APPD with the highest volumetric and specific productivities reported thus far.
Highlights
Contents of PPD‐ and PPT‐type ginsenosides in ginseng extract powder The composition of major ginsenosides in the dried powder of the ginseng root extract used in this study was analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) (Additional file 1: Table S1)
Selection of a main enzyme for APPD production PF-bgl shows hydrolytic activities towards glucose, arabinopyranose, and arabinofuranose linked to the dammarane skeleton of PPD-type ginsenosides and has been reported to completely convert all PPD-type ginsenosides to APPD with the highest APPD productivity among the previous methods (Yoo et al 2011)
Commercial ginseng extract powder is the best substrate for APPD production based on the utilization efficiency of ginsenosides because the ratio of PPD-type to PPT-type ginsenosides in the powder form is the highest as 6.2 among the different types of ginseng extracts
Summary
A. Meyer), which belongs to the Araliaceae family, is a slow-growing herb plant that has been used as a traditional medicine in Asia for centuries (Xiang et al 2008). Ginseng has many beneficial effects, including improving mood and brain function, helping with weight loss, treating sexual dysfunction, inducing lower blood sugar levels, preventing cancer, and boosting the immune system (Gao et al 2013b; Helms 2004; Jang et al 2008; Kang and Min 2012; Reay et al 2010; Xie et al 2002). Choi et al AMB Expr (2017) 7:219 glycosylated forms owing to their higher bioavailability and better absorption in the gastrointestinal tract (Kim et al 2005). To obtain biologically and pharmacologically active ginsenosides, specific sugar-hydrolysis techniques are required
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