Synergistic Nanomedicine Delivering Topoisomerase I Toxin (SN-38) and Inhibitors of Polynucleotide Kinase 3'-Phosphatase (PNKP) for Enhanced Treatment of Colorectal Cancer.

Abstract

Inhibitors of a DNA repair enzyme known as polynucleotide kinase 3'-phosphatase (PNKP) are expected to show synergistic cytotoxicity in combination with topoisomerase I (TOP1) inhibitors in cancer. In this study, the synergistic cytotoxicity of a novel inhibitor of PNKP, i.e., A83B4C63, with a potent TOP1 inhibitor, i.e., SN-38, against colorectal cancer cells was investigated. Polymeric micelles (PMs) for preferred tumor delivery of A83B4C63, developed through physical encapsulation of this compound in methoxy poly(ethylene oxide)-poly(α-benzyl carboxylate-ε-caprolactone) (mPEO-b-PBCL) micelles, were combined with SN-38 in free or PM form. The PM form of SN-38 was prepared through chemical conjugation of SN-38 to the functional end group of mPEO-b-PBCL and further assembly of mPEO-b-PBCL-SN-38 in water. Moreover, mixed micelles composed of mPEO-b-PBCL and mPEO-b-PBCL-SN-38 were used to co-load A83B4C63 and SN-38 in the same nanoformulation. The loading content (% w/w) of the SN-38 and A83B4C63 to mPEO-b-PBCL in the co-loaded formulation was 7.91 ± 0.66 and 16.13 ± 0.11% (w/w), respectively, compared to 15.67 ± 0.34 (% w/w) and 23.06 ± 0.63 (% w/w) for mPEO-b-PBCL micelles loading individual drugs. Notably, the average diameter of PMs co-encapsulating both SN-38 and A83B4C63 was larger than that of PMs encapsulating either of these compounds alone but still lower than 60 nm. The release of A83B4C63 from PMs co-encapsulating both drugs was 76.36 ± 1.41% within 24 h, which was significantly higher than that of A83B4C63-encapsulated micelles (42.70 ± 0.72%). In contrast, the release of SN-38 from PMs co-encapsulating both drugs was 44.15 ± 2.61% at 24 h, which was significantly lower than that of SN-38-conjugated PMs (74.16 ± 3.65%). Cytotoxicity evaluations by the MTS assay as analyzed by the Combenefit software suggested a clear synergy between PM/A83B4C63 (at a concentration range of 10-40 μM) and free SN-38 (at a concentration range of 0.001-1 μM). The synergistic cytotoxic concentration range for SN-38 was narrowed down to 0.1-1 or 0.01-1 μM when combined with PM/A83B4C63 at 10 or 20-40 μM, respectively. In general, PMs co-encapsulating A83B4C63 and SN-38 at drug concentrations within the synergistic range (10 μM for A83B4C63 and 0.05-1 μM for SN-38) showed slightly less enhancement of SN-38 anticancer activity than a combination of individual micelles, i.e., A83B4C63 PMs + SN-38 PMs at the same molar concentrations. This was attributed to the slower release of SN-38 from the SN-38 and A83B4C63 co-encapsulated PMs compared to PMs only encapsulating SN-38. Cotreatment of cells with TOP1 inhibitors and A83B4C63 formulation enhanced the expression level of γ-HA2X, cleaved PARP, caspase-3, and caspase-7 in most cases. This trend was more consistent and notable for PMs co-encapsulating both A83B4C63 and SN-38. The overall result from the study shows a synergy between PMs of SN-38 and A83B4C63 as a mixture of two PMs for individual drugs or PMs co-encapsulating both drugs.