Synergistic integration of zirconium-based metal-organic frameworks and graphitic carbon nitride for sustainable energy solutions: A comprehensive review

Abstract

The development of effective and enduring photocatalysts has become crucial in the pursuit of sustainable energy solutions. This comprehensive review provides a concise overview of the latest developments in the design and synthesis routes of graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4), Zr-based Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) such as UIO66 and UIO66-NH2, as well as g-C3N4/Zr-MOFs heterojunctions. The focus is on discussing their structure, properties, characterization techniques, density functional theory analysis, and potential applications in sustainable energy technologies. Recent advancements in g-C3N4/Zr-MOFs heterojunctions have proved remarkable potential in achieving higher photocatalytic activity, attributed to superior light absorption, increased surface area, and enhanced separation of electron-hole pairs. This comprehensive review also explores the synergistic integration of these materials for sustainable energy applications, highlighting their potential for photocatalytic, electrocatalytic, and energy storage applications. These materials' environmental and economic sustainability aspects are presented emphasizing their pivotal role in addressing global energy and environmental challenges. Furthermore, the review presents the current challenges and prospects for implementing g-C3N4, Zr-MOFs, and their heterojunctions in sustainable energy technologies.