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Abstract
Salicylic acid (SA) and melatonin (MT) have been shown to play important roles in plant salt tolerance. However, the underlying mechanisms of SA–MT-interaction-mediated ionic homeostasis in salt-stressed plants are unknown. As a first investigation, this study aimed to clarify how SA–MT interaction affects H+-pump activity in maintaining the desired ion homeostasis under saline conditions and its relation to ROS metabolism. Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plants were grown under non-saline or saline conditions and were foliar sprayed with 75 mg L−1 SA or 70 μM MT. The SA+MT combined treatment significantly increased N, P, K+, Fe, Zn, and Cu acquisition, accompanied by significantly lower Na+ accumulation in salt-stressed plants compared to non-stressed ones. Additionally, it significantly enhanced ATP content and H+-pump activity of the roots. The mitigation was also detected in the reduced superoxide radical content, electrolyte leakage, and lipoxygenase activity, as well as increased superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase, and polyphenol oxidase activities; K+/Na+, Ca2+/Na+, and Mg2+/Na+ ratios; relative water content; membrane stability index; and free amino acid accumulation in treated plants. The novel evidence shows that the higher root H+-pump activity in treated plants is a tolerance mechanism that increases the salt tolerance via maintaining ionic homeostasis.
Highlights
Soil salinization is one of the most damaging ecological stresses, which causes land desertification and the degradation of arable land
The present study reveals that salicylic acid co-applied with melatonin appears to be a great candidate for boosting wheat growth by mitigating salt toxicity
Melatonin interaction improved the H+ -pump activity and ROS detoxification, which in turn maintained the ionic homeostasis under saline conditions
Summary
Soil salinization is one of the most damaging ecological stresses, which causes land desertification and the degradation of arable land. It affects about 20% of the irrigated land [1]. Osmotic stress occurs shortly after exposure to salt stress and has detrimental effects on the plant ability to take up water and other nutrients [5,6]. The plant ability to maintain a low tissue Na+ /K+ ratio has emerged as a significant salt tolerance feature [9,10]. In order to improve plant salt tolerance, harmful Na+ ions pumped into vacuoles must not leak back into the cytoplasm [11].
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