Abstract
Alkaline electrolyzed water (AEW) and walking are strongly recommended for ameliorating oxidative stress and inflammation. Nevertheless, there is a lack of information on the combination of both on alleviating inflammation, oxidative stress, and improving the quality of life (QoL). We investigated the synergistic effects of drinking AEW and walking on advanced glycation end products (AGEs), advanced oxidation protein products (AOPPs), malondialdehyde (MDA), white blood cells (WBCs), neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and QoL. In total, 81 eligible patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) were randomly allocated via single blind to four groups: consumed 2 L/day of AEW (n = 20), instructed to walk for 150 min/week (n = 20), received a combination of AEW and walking (n = 20), and continue their habitual diet and activity (n = 21). Data were collected and analyzed before and after 8 weeks of intervention. Our results showed a significant interaction between the group and time, with both AEW and walking independently and synergistically ameliorating AGEs, AOPPs, MDA, NLR and WBCs levels. Moreover, the AEW group had a higher physical and total QoL score. The walking group and the combined group had higher scores in physical, mental and total QoL compared to the control group. The synergistic effect of AEW and regular walking are an advisable treatment for patients with T2DM.
Highlights
Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) is characterized by insulin resistance, wherein there is an overproduction and secretion of insulin in the early stage which lead to reduced insulin secretion and pancreaticAntioxidants 2020, 9, 946; doi:10.3390/antiox9100946 www.mdpi.com/journal/antioxidantsAntioxidants 2020, 9, 946 beta cell death at late states
81 individuals with T2DM were randomized to Alkaline electrolyzed water (AEW) intervention (n = 20), regular walking intervention (n = 20), combined AEW and regular walking intervention (n = 20), and control group intervention (n = 21)
These results extend our understanding that T2DM participants who regularly walked for a duration of 30 min at least 5 times/week, or spent 150 min/week regularly walking for 8 weeks, exhibited significantly reduced white blood cells (WBCs), neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), fasting blood glucose (FBG), MDA, advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and advanced oxidation protein products (AOPPs)
Summary
Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) is characterized by insulin resistance, wherein there is an overproduction and secretion of insulin in the early stage which lead to reduced insulin secretion and pancreaticAntioxidants 2020, 9, 946; doi:10.3390/antiox9100946 www.mdpi.com/journal/antioxidantsAntioxidants 2020, 9, 946 beta cell death at late states. It has been reported that oxidative stress and inflammation are the risk factors for developing T2DM, and major causes of the complications and mortality among patients with T2DM [1,2,3]. The International Diabetes Federation has projected that the number of people with diabetes worldwide will reach 578 million by 2030, and will rise to 700 million by 2045. This threat is present in Indonesia, where the prevalence of diabetes is expected to rise from. Identifying the formation of oxidative stress and inflammatory markers, and their roles in behavioral factors, is necessary for a better understanding of their effects on the QoL
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