Abstract
The present study reports the synergistic antibacterial activity of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) with the aid of a combination of chitosan and seaweed-derived polyphenols as a green synthetic route. Under optimum synthesis conditions, the rapid color change from yellowish to dark brown and UV–visible absorption peak at 425 confirmed the initial formation of AgNPs. DLS, TEM, XRD, and EDX analyses revealed the spherical shape of pure biogenic AgNPs with a mean diameter size of 12 nm ± 1.5 nm, and a face-centered cubic crystal structure, respectively. FTIR and TGA results indicated the significant contribution of chitosan and polyphenol components into silver ions bioreduction and thermal stability of freshly formed AgNPs. Long-term colloidal stability of AgNPs was obtained after 6-month storage at room temperature. The bio-prepared AgNPs possessed a negative surface charge with a zeta potential value of − 27 mV. In contrast to naked chemical silver nanoparticles, the green Ag nanosamples demonstrated the distinct synergistic antibacterial in vitro toward all selected human pathogens presumably due to the presence of high content of biomolecules on their surface. The results show that synergy between chitosan and polyphenol results in the enhancement of bactericidal properties of biogenic AgNPs. We also highlighted the underlying mechanism involved in AgNPs formation based on nucleophile–electrophile interaction.
Highlights
The present study reports the synergistic antibacterial activity of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) with the aid of a combination of chitosan and seaweed-derived polyphenols as a green synthetic route
The primary indication of successful biosynthesis of noble metal nanoparticles is the change in the color of the solution
While the UV–vis absorption spectrum reveals no peak for chitosan-algae extract medium it demonstrates a conspicuous peak at λmax = 425 nm indicating the induction of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) of the biosynthesized AgNPs (Fig. 1b)[27]
Summary
The present study reports the synergistic antibacterial activity of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) with the aid of a combination of chitosan and seaweed-derived polyphenols as a green synthetic route. Green synthetic procedures have gained rising popularity as they target curtailing toxic wastes and provide a benign atmosphere for promoting environmental sustainability They hold intriguing advantages such as simplicity, low cost, and environmental compatibility through product design and process optimization. Various natural materials such as plant extracts and marine organisms (yeast, bacteria, algae, fungi, etc.) have been exploited for NPs s ynthesis[3,4]. They function as a potential biofactory for the reduction and stabilization of the biofabricated nanoparticles owing to a great variety of their secondary metabolite’s contents such as polysaccharides, polyphenols, chitosan, alkaloids, fiber, and flavonoids[5]. A number of effective therapeutic methods such as natural antibiotics (garlic, honey, ginger, etc.)[16], and metal-based nanomedicine (e.g., silver, gold, copper)[17], have been proposed to improve the antibacterial properties of antimicrobial agents against bacteria tenacity
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