Abstract
Bacterial infections are a prevalent complication after primary viral respiratory infections and are associated with high morbidity and mortality. Antibiotics are widely used against bacterial respiratory pathogens; however, the rise in antibiotic-resistant strains urges us to search for new antimicrobial compounds, including ones that act synergistically with antibiotics. In this study, the minimal inhibitory (MIC) and minimal bactericidal (MBC) concentrations of a polyphenol-rich complex of green propolis, Tabebuia avellanedae bark, and Olea europaea leaf extracts against Staphylococcus aureus, Haemophilus influenzae, and Klebsiella pneumoniae were determined, followed by an analysis of the synergistic effect with clarithromycin, azithromycin, and amoxiclav (875/125 mg amoxicillin/clavulanic acid). A combination of extracts showed activity against all three bacterial strains, with MIC values ranging from 0.78 to 12.5 mg/mL and MBC values from 1.56 to 12.5 mg/mL. The extracts showed synergistic activity with azithromycin and clarithromycin against S. aureus, with clarithromycin against K. pneumoniae, and with all three tested antibiotics against H. influenzae. Synergy with clarithromycin was additionally evaluated in a time-kill assay where the synergistic effects against S. aureus and K. pneumoniae were seen within the first 6 h of incubation. The results show the potential of polyphenol-rich extracts in enhancing the efficacy of antibiotic therapy and indicate their potential to be used in the management of respiratory infections.
Highlights
Introduction published maps and institutional affilRespiratory tract infections are extremely prevalent, being among the most diagnosed diseases in primary and secondary care
The results of our study show the potential of the GoImmune Strong® complex to be used as an antibiotic booster, allowing for the enhancement of the efficacy of antibiotic therapy as well as a reduction in the administered concentrations of antibiotics for respiratory infections
In the era of antibiotic resistance, phenolic substances have become a subject of particular interest in prophylaxis and handling of bacterial infections
Summary
Respiratory tract infections are extremely prevalent, being among the most diagnosed diseases in primary and secondary care. Especially pneumonia, are a common complication after primary infection with respiratory viruses such as influenza viruses, rhinoviruses, and coronaviruses and are often characterized by severe disease and high mortality. Common bacterial pathogens associated with respiratory tract infections are Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Branhamella (Moraxella) catarrhalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Clinical challenges of these infections associated with increased rates of antimicrobial resistance are observed among these pathogens [1,2,3]. Antibiotics are widely used in the treatment of respiratory tract infections. The preferred treatment for bacterial infections is generally broad-spectrum antibiotics, but this can result in undesirable side effects that have a negative impact on the normal host iations
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